The Evolution of Chinese–Zionist Relations: Historical Roots and Strategic Implications, 1949–2025

Abstract

This article addresses the problem of how China reconciles its rhetorical and diplomatic support for the Palestinian cause with the construction of growing strategic relations with the Zionist entity in the context of global geopolitical transformations. It traces the historical roots of Sino–Zionist relations since 1949, highlighting their transition from ideological hostility during the Cold War to an economic and technological partnership after 1992, particularly within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The article focuses on several core ideas, most notably: the pragmatism of Chinese foreign policy; the rise of economic and technological cooperation with Israel; the corresponding decline in practical support for the Palestinian cause; and Beijing’s adoption of a policy of “biased neutrality,” which combines pro-Palestinian political discourse with economic practices that benefit Israel. The article concludes that, despite China’s efforts to present itself as a balanced and influential international power in the Middle East, it prioritizes its strategic and economic interests over exerting real pressure in favor of Palestinian rights, which limits the effectiveness of its role as a neutral mediator in the conflict.